Abstract: Underground artificial cavern gas storage systems are a key component of compressed air energy storage (CAES) power plants because of their flexible site selection and strong environmental adaptability. The stability of such caverns is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of CAES plants. Using tunnel-type artificial caverns as the research object, the influences of lining configuration, cavern diameter, stratum lateral pressure coefficient, and secondary lining reinforcement ratio on cavern stability were systematically investigated through numerical simulation. Under high internal pressure, an outward-convex lining configuration enables the surrounding rock to bear a greater share of the load, significantly reducing the tensile damage of the secondary lining and improving cavern stability. Cavern diameter is positively correlated with the extent of the surrounding rock plastic zone and the tensile damage of the secondary lining, suggesting that a larger diameter is less favorable for cavern stability. As the stratum lateral pressure coefficient increases, the tensile damage of the secondary lining and the stresses in the reinforcement and steel plate exhibit a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. At a lateral pressure coefficient of 1.0, the tensile damage of the secondary lining and the reinforcement stress reach minimum values. Although increasing the secondary lining reinforcement ratio has little influence on the surrounding rock plastic zone, it significantly reduces the tensile damage of the secondary lining and the reinforcement stress, thus enhancing cavern stability.