Advances and Prospects of Tunnel Waterproofing and Drainage Technologies and Materials

As exploration of tunnel construction practices deepens and understanding of waterproofing and drainage laws improves, tunnel waterproofing and drainage technologies in China have gradually developed. By reviewing the evolution of tunnel waterproofing and drainage technologies and materials, it can be roughly divided into four stages:the stage with no drainage design, the grouting waterproofing stage of the 1950s, the drainage-focused stage of the 1960s to 1970s, and the " waterproofing, drainage, interception, and plugging" stage from the 1980s to the present.This summary also covers the focus of waterproofing and drainage design in different stages and the development of waterproofing and drainage technologies and measures. Subsequently, the current state of the tunnel waterproofing and drainage system is described, with a focus on the introduction of drainage plates, blind drains, and waterproof stoppers for lining joints. Finally, from the perspectives of design, materials, and construction, the paper looks ahead to the future directions and research focuses of tunnel waterproofing and drainage in the coming years.