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Quick Search     Advanced Search MODERN TUNNELLING TECHNOLOGY   2024 Vol.61 Issue.2 Published 2024-04-25 1 The Tree of Innovation is Evergreen——The 60th Anniversary of Modern Tunnelling Technology WANG Jianyu On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the publication of Modern Tunnelling Technology, this paper reviews the history of China's progress in tunnelling technology and catching up with modernization over the past 60 years. It looks forward to the future, discussing the evolution of technical innovation goals from "mechanized rapid construction of long tunnels" to "safety, quality, and environmental friendliness." 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 1-4 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 999KB] ( 10 ) 5 Current Situation and Reflections on Low-carbon and Sustainable Development of Tunnels and Underground Engineering CHEN Xiangsheng1,2,3,4 HE Qiufeng1,2,3,4 WU Zezhou1,2,3,4 FU Yanbin1,2,4 CHEN Kunyang1,2,3,4 Tunnels and underground engineering are vital components of China's construction industry. Clarifying the current status of sustainable development and the key challenges faced by tunnel and underground engineering in China is of great importance for unlocking the potential for high-quality development of the industry and enabling a green transformation. To this end, this paper first reviews the relevant policies and development history of sustainable development in tunnel and underground engineering, exploring the key turning points for sustainable development in the industry. Secondly, from a whole lifecycle perspective, it expounds the current status of sustainable development in China's tunnel and underground engineering in six aspects: comprehensive planning, application of green materials, green construction methods, intelligent low-carbon operation and maintenance, and the recycling of industrial wastes. Lastly, it presents the challenges faced by the sustainable development of tunnel and underground engineering in China and offers pertinent suggestions: (1) leverage digital technology to break through the barrier of incomplete planning information; (2) continue finding new materials to enhance structural disturbance resistance and waterproofing; (3) integrate digital twin technology to make construction processes more intelligent; (4) use the engineering Internet of Things to enhance intelligent monitoring of engineering; (5) improve processes and equipment to increase the utilization rate and added value of construction waste. This research aims to provide useful insights for achieving a virtuous cycle of industry value addition and green development of China's construction industry 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 5-17 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5081KB] ( 14 ) 18 Intelligent Construction for Drill-and-Blast Tunnels: Latest Technologies and Future Prospects ZHU Hehua1,2 LING Jiaxin1 ZHU Mengqi1 LI Xiaojun1,2 WU Wei1,2 Under the dual influences of extreme tunnel construction conditions and the industrial transformation driven by the development of new-generation information technology, intelligent construction has become an inevitable trend in tunnelling development. Intelligent tunnel construction aligns with the needs of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, using the theories and methods of information technology to transform and enhance traditional tunnel construction modes, achieving digital empowerment and transformation in tunnel construction. This transformation has become a core driving force in advancing tunnelling development. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on the latest technological developments in intelligent construction of drill-and-blast tunnels, discussing the necessity of intelligent tunnel construction, comprehensive solutions, and the information flow of "acquisition - transmission -processing - expression - analysis - service". It concludes with a future outlook on intelligent tunnel construction.By reviewing the latest technologies and research progress in data acquisition, transmission, processing, expression, analysis, and services within the field of intelligent tunnel construction, this paper introduces key challenges such as"integrated digital-numericaldata analysis theory", "full-element digital twins of human-machine-environment","integrated construction mode of acquisitiondesign-construction", and "automation of entire engineering equipment",aiming to realize the intelligent tunnel construction, enhancethe quality and efficiency of major infrastructure projects. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 18-27 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6494KB] ( 14 ) 28 Development and Prospect of Tunnel Support Structure Design Theory and Method in China ZHAO Yong1 WANG Mingnian2,3 YU Li2,3 ZHANG Xiao2,3 Since the construction of the Shiqiuling Railway Tunnel, the first tunnel of China, in 1888, the develop? ment of tunnel support structure design theory and method in China has gone through the stages of inception, exploration, development, and innovation. The classification of tunnel surrounding rock has evolved from a qualitative method based on a single indicator to a comprehensive method based on multiple indicators. The concept of tunnel surrounding rock pressure has developed from collapse load to deformation pressure. The calculation method for the internal forces of tunnel support structures has evolved from the "loadstructure" method, which did not consider the resistance of surrounding rock, to the "load-structure" and "stratum-structure" methods that take into account the resistance of surrounding rock. The safety check calculation of tunnel support structures has developed from the allowable stress method and the damaged stage method to the probabilistic limit state method based on reliability theory.Overall, the theory and method of tunnel support structure design have gradually shifted from empirical analogy design and standard design methods to semi-quantitative and fully quantitative analytical design methods, with development towards informatization and intelligence. This paper systematically reviews the development history regarding the construction of tunnel engineering, classification of tunnel surrounding rock, calculation methods for the internal forces of tunnel support structures, and safety check methods in China, summarizes the technical breakthroughs in tunnel support structure design theory and method at each stage, and looks forward to the intelligent design methods of tunnel support structures centered on active support. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 28-42 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7624KB] ( 14 ) 43 Research on the Calculation Method of Tunnel Active Support System Based on the Total Safety Factor Method XIAO Mingqing1,2 XU Chen1,2 XIE Biting1,2 The concept of tunnel active support with prestressed anchor rods (cables) as the main support compo? nents is increasingly widely applied. However, the selection of support parameters for active support systems still primarily relies on engineering analogy or empirical values, lacking a quantified calculation method to guide design.Based on the total safety factor method for tunnel support structure design, this study proposes a calculation method for the safety factor of the active support system including prestressed anchor rods (cables) and a design method, and it analyzes and compares the differences of safety factors and deformation control between active and passive support systems. Furthermore, to explore the deformation coordination relationship between the anchor rod (cable) system and the surrounding rock, this study introduces a support system selection and design process based on deformation coordination control, considering the compatibility of deformation capabilities between the anchor cable system and the surrounding rock. This can provide theoretical guidance for the quantitative design of tunnel active support systems. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 43-51 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3899KB] ( 14 ) 52 Advanced Geological Forecasting Techniques for Railway Tunnels in the Complex and Treacherous Mountainous Areas of Southwest China GAO Shuquan1,2,3 JIANG Liangwen1,2,3 MOU Yuancun1,2,3 LI Xing1,2,3 WANG Shudong1,2 ZHAO Siwei1,2,3 The railways in the complex and treacherous mountainous areas of Southwest China are characterized by high percentage of tunnels, deep and long tunnels, and complex geological conditions, which highlight prominent engineering geological issues and hazards like collapses, mud outbursts, and gas explosions (outbursts) during tunnel construction. To enhance the specificity, effectiveness, and systemic of advanced geological forecasting for tunnel construction, this paper analyzes and summarizes the applicable conditions, advantages and disadvantages, and the application environments of various conventional advanced geological forecasting methods. It proposes the selection and combination of forecasting methods for different working conditions and types of adverse geological situations,thereby establishing a comprehensive advanced geological forecasting model integrating different methodological selections and combinations with a "Four-combination" approach. Practice has shown that: (1) each advanced geological forecasting method has unique characteristics and a certain application scope; (2) due to the complex engineering geological issues in the Southwest mountainous areas, it is crucial to fully utilize the advantages of each method and adopt a reasonable combination for comprehensive forecasting based on the tunnel construction environment and primary adverse geological features; (3) comprehensive advanced geological forecasting for railway tunnels should adopt a "Four-combination" model, integrating survey data with in-tunnel forecasting, geological and geophysical methods, long-distance forecasting with medium and short-distance forecasting, and the integration of different geophysical methods; (4) the established method selection and combination for advanced geological forecasting and the "Four-combination" model can enhance the specificity, effectiveness, and systemic of detecting adverse geological conditions, with facilitating the resolution of engineering geological issues, effectively guiding construction, and reducing construction risks. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 52-59 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2747KB] ( 14 ) 60 Review and Prospect of Rock Classification in Tunnel Engineering HE Faliang Rock mass classification is the basis for understanding the properties of rock masses in tunnel engineer? ing, and plays an important guiding role in tunnel engineering design theory, design calculation parameters, reasonable selection for construction methods and construction techniques. This article reviews the development history of rock mass classification in tunnel engineering both domestically and internationally, introduces two typical rock mass classifications in tunnel engineering, and proposes the development trend of tunnel engineering rock mass classification for the future and beyond. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 60-66 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1407KB] ( 12 ) 67 Development and Prospects of Construction Technology in Drill-and-Blast Mountain Tunnel HONG Kairong LIU Yongsheng PAN Yue As mountain tunnels evolve towards greater height, depth, size, and length, the drill-and-blast construc? tion technique is gradually becoming inadequate to meet the current demands of tunnel construction. This paper reviews the development status and challenges faced by the drill-and-blast construction technique in mountainous tunnels, covering aspects such as construction theory, technology, equipment configuration, and environmental protection. It provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of drill-andblast techniques, summarizes the current technical status of drill-and-blast tunnels, identifies the existing technological bottlenecks and industry pain points,and anticipates future development trends for drill-and-blast mountain tunnel construction technology, aiming to offer references for the future advancement. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 67-79 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5313KB] ( 11 ) 80 Progress and Prospect of Loess Tunnel Construction Technology YU Yu QI Chun YANG Jianmin LUO Lusen On the basis of reviewing the construction history and achievements of loess tunnels in China, this paper systematically summarizes the construction technologies of loess tunnels for railways, highways, etc. The main contents include, (1) Fundamental theories: loess constitutive models, classification of surrounding rock, the boundary between deep and shallow burial, and load; (2) Design methods: design standards, structures and supports, portal protection; (3) Construction technology: excavation methods, surface settlement control technology, and foundation treatment technology. In view of the current status of engineering technology levels of loess tunnels, and by courtesy of the improvement of modern information technology, artificial intelligence, and large-scale mechanized equipment capabilities, this paper proposes directions for the development of basic theories of loess tunnels, intelligent survey and design, and safe and rapid construction. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 80-89 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2978KB] ( 8 ) 90 Innovation and Prospects of Shield Tunnelling Technology in Mixed Ground ZHU Weibin1,2,3 MI Jinsheng2,3 WANG Hui2,3,4 ZHONG Changping1,2,3 Since the early 1990s, Guangzhou Metro has pioneered the introduction of combined shield machines to construct metro tunnels in the geologically complex strata of Guangzhou (known as the "Geological Museum"). Through the first decade of comprehensive practice and systematic analysis from 1994 to 2005, a series of new concepts, viewpoints, and methods were proposed and defined, and over 100 km of high-quality metro tunnels were constructed, establishing a theoretical system for shield tunnelling technology in mixed ground. It has expanded the geological adaptability of the shield tunnelling method and laid a solid theoretical and practical foundation for its large-scale promotion, equipment localization, industrialization, and talent development. In the second decade(2006-2015), the theoretical system for shield tunnelling in mixed ground was further refined and developed. To resolve the basic risk sources or factors of shield tunnelling in mixed ground such as "mud cake, hindered mucking,and spewing", innovations such as the "Hengdun Mud" chamber opening technology, the pioneering "Hidden Rock Body Environmental Blasting Technology," and the "Auxiliary Air Pressure Tunnelling Technology" were developed and applied. Additionally, the application of new technologies such as dual-mode and air pressure cutter heads in shield machines led to the construction of a large number of long-distance, large-diameter, deep-buried, and complex geological tunnels, gradually establishing China as a major player in shield Tunnelling. In the recent decade(2016-), several advanced achievements have been officially released, such as the development and successful application of the multi-mode integrated "Tri-mode Tunnelling Machine", and research on the settlement causes and countermeasures in slurry shield construction in "extremely thick rock layer". These advancements enrich the shield tunnelling technology and help China move towards becoming a world leader in shield tunnelling. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 90-104 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7198KB] ( 13 ) 105 The Latest Developments and Prospects of Underwater Tunnels in China HE Weiguo1,2 ZHOU Huagui2 CAO Wei2 HU Bin2 With the rapid economic development in China, in addition to conventional indicators such as channel function and economic efficiency, increasing attention is being paid to environmental considerations, sustainable development, and national defense security requirements when constructing river-crossing passages. Based on this, underwater tunnels in China have experienced rapid development. The main construction methods for underwater tunnels in China include shield method, mining method, immersed tube method, and cofferdam open-cut method. This work systematically delineates the historical evolution of these diverse construction methods for underwater tunnels in China and offers preliminary insights into their prospective trajectories, thereby furnishing a valuable point of reference for professionals within the field. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 105-123 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 13173KB] ( 21 ) 124 Progress and Prospects of Construction Technology for Ultra-Large Diameter Underwater Shield Tunnels CHEN Jian1,2,3,4 YUAN Dajun5 SU Xiuting1,2 WANG Zhikui1,2,3 With the development of the "Belt and Road" Initiative, the National Maritime Strategy, and Regional Economic Integration Strategic Layout, a large number of rail transit, highway, railway, and other large-scale infrastructure projects are facing the challenge of crossing rivers and seas. Starting from the Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel, Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel, and Wuhan Yangtze River Tunnel, by introducing, assimilating, practicing,and re-innovating of shield tunnelling technology, China′s underwater shield tunnel technology has entered a rapid development stage. A large number of completed and under-construction super underwater shield tunnel projects have greatly promoted the innovation, development, and progress of underwater shield tunnel technology in China and even the world, breaking through a series of technical bottlenecks in shield equipment, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of underwater tunnel. The article systematically elaborates the three major elements of shield technology and their connotations, namely soil-water stability, shield equipment and control, structural safety and waterproofing, analyzes the current status and development trend of ultra-large diameter underwater shield tunnel technology at home and abroad, summarizes the important innovative achievements in ultra-large diameter underwater shield tunnel technology in recent years, and proposes the technical challenges, countermeasures, and engineering application prospects of underwater shield tunnel with large diameter, long distance, high water pressure, and complex geological conditions. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 124-138 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3789KB] ( 14 ) 139 Progress and Prospects of Cold Protection and Anti-Freezing Technologies for Tunnels in High-Altitude Cold Regions ZHENG Bo1 WU Jian1 YUAN Ming2 TAO Weiming3 MU Yanhu4 GUO Rui1 With the continuous deepening of China′s Western Development Strategy, the steady advancement of the Belt and Road Initiative, and the deployment and implementation of the major strategy of the Country with Strong Transportation Network, the number of tunnels constructed and operated in high-altitude cold regions is increasing year by year. In recent years, although significant progress has been made in the construction technology of tunnels in cold regions, especially in terms of cold protection and anti-freezing technologies, the occurrence rate of freeze damage remains still high. Affected by severe cold and complex meteorological conditions, phenomena such as ice hanging inside tunnels, ice overflow from side ditches, road surface icing, lining cracking, and drainage system freezing-induced failure occur from time to time, severely affecting the safety and durability of the lining structure and causing huge economic losses. The construction and operation of tunnels in cold regions face severe challenges.This paper summarizes the current application status of key technologies for cold protection and anti-freezing of tunnels in highaltitude cold regions, focusing on the determination of insulation layer thickness and defense length pa? rameters, insulation forms and applicability, water-proof and drainage technology, calculation of surrounding rock frost heaving force, and anti-freezing technology for lining structures. It highlights the issues that still need attention and resolution in the construction and operation of tunnels in cold regions and looks forward to the development direction of cold protection and anti-freezing technologies for tunnels in high-altitude cold region, aiming to provide references for the successful construction and safe operation of such tunnels. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 139-151 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3913KB] ( 11 ) 152 Development and Prospects of Operation and Disaster Prevention Ventilation Technology in China′s Traffic Tunnels WANG Mingnian1,2 DENG Tao3 YU Li1,2 From the perspectives of operation and disaster prevention, this paper reviews the current research status of ventilation in China's traffic tunnel operation at the levels of standards and technical methods. It summarizes the technical progress in operation and disaster prevention ventilation of traffic tunnels in China and points out the future development directions. The results show that since the new century, China's traffic tunnels have shown a development trend characterized by longer construction lengths, diversified construction environments, increased complexity of construction forms, and a shift toward lower carbon services. These trends have significantly promoted the technical progress in the operation and disaster prevention ventilation of traffic tunnels. For complex tunnel types such as extra-long mountain tunnels, high-altitude tunnels, underwater tunnels, and tunnels with curves and interchanges,a mature ventilation technology system has been developed. However, the current operational ventilation standards are somewhat lagging in matching the technological advancements in the automotive industry. In the future, the development of traffic tunnel operation and disaster prevention ventilation in China will inevitably trend towards low carbon and digital intelligence. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 152-166 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5218KB] ( 7 ) 167 Advances and Prospects of Tunnel Waterproofing and Drainage Technologies and Materials ZHANG Minqing1 MA Weibin2,3 GUO Xiaoxiong2,3 LUO Chi2,3 ZHENG Zefu2,3 As exploration of tunnel construction practices deepens and understanding of waterproofing and drainage laws improves, tunnel waterproofing and drainage technologies in China have gradually developed. By reviewing the evolution of tunnel waterproofing and drainage technologies and materials, it can be roughly divided into four stages:the stage with no drainage design, the grouting waterproofing stage of the 1950s, the drainage-focused stage of the 1960s to 1970s, and the " waterproofing, drainage, interception, and plugging" stage from the 1980s to the present.This summary also covers the focus of waterproofing and drainage design in different stages and the development of waterproofing and drainage technologies and measures. Subsequently, the current state of the tunnel waterproofing and drainage system is described, with a focus on the introduction of drainage plates, blind drains, and waterproof stoppers for lining joints. Finally, from the perspectives of design, materials, and construction, the paper looks ahead to the future directions and research focuses of tunnel waterproofing and drainage in the coming years. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 167-177 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3964KB] ( 8 ) 178 Advances and Prospects of Tunnel Boring Machine Technology in China LI Jianbin Since the 1950s, Chinese enterprises have commenced research on tunnel boring machine technology, tra? versing a journey from independent exploration and technological import to indigenous innovation. Today, China has attained the capability for technological innovation in designing and manufacturing various types of tunnel boring machines. Chinese enterprises have successfully developed an array of new equipment, including mixed-mode boring machines, irregular cross-section boring machines, connection passage boring machines, vertical and inclined shaft boring machines, etc. The overall technology level of China′s tunnel boring machines has reached the international advanced standard, leading the industry in the research of new rock-breaking technologies and the development of new models. The future development of tunnel boring machine technology in China can be explored from the perspective of "three levels and one enhancement," which includes improving the technological level under the existing framework of boring machine technology through improving the function and performance of the equipment; breaking through in rock-breaking technology and innovating underground support structures to promote the development of new tunnel boring machine; and advancing tunnel boring technology progress in response to evolving tunnel concepts. Concurrently, the enhancement of intelligent tunnel construction is necessary to boost construction efficiency and safety 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 178-189 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8290KB] ( 13 ) 190 Technological Advancements and Prospects of Drill and Blast Tunnel Construction Equipment LIU Feixiang With the vigorous development of water conservancy, transportation, energy, and other infrastructure proj? ects in China, tunnel and underground engineering construction has entered a period of rapid and significant growth.First, the development of drill and blast construction equipment is introduced, elaborated in four stages: "manual","small mechanization", "single process large mechanization", and "full process large mechanization". Second, the current status and development trends of problems encountered during drill and blast construction, such as core recovery rate, overbreak and underbreak control, arch erection efficiency, rebound in wet spraying, and anchor grouting density, are expounded and discussed. The paper also proposes the future key development fields in construction technologies, including drill and blast construction equipment, collaborative management platforms, and green construction equipment. Finally, the paper looks ahead to the prospects of intelligent equipment and intelligent construction in drill and blast tunnelling, aiming to promote the development of China′s tunnel engineering towards unmanned, intelligent, informative, environmentally friendly, energy-saving, and sustainable goals. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 190-202 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8428KB] ( 13 ) 203 Key Technologies for the Construction of the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link Steel Shell Concrete Immersed Tunnel DENG Xiaohua1 CHEN Weile2，3 SONG Shenyou2，3 WU Yugang1 LIU Jian2 JIN Wenliang2 CHEN Yue2 The Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link is a super-scale sea-crossing cluster project integrating "bridge, island, tunnel, and underwater interchange," and it is the first immersed tunnel to adopt the steel shell and concrete combined structure in China. The project confronts numerous technical challenges such as the lack of design standards,high precision required for steel shell manufacturing, difficulties in casting and quality inspection of self-compacting concrete in elements, long distances for tube floating transport, and complex construction environment for immersed tunnels. Based on a thorough analysis of key scientific and technical issues faced by the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link project, this paper delves into various challenging aspects including new structure type and design method for steel shell concrete immersed tube tunnel, long-term durability protection for steel structure, steel shell fabrication, selfcompacting concrete preparation, intelligent casting and inspection technology, digital construction technology for immersed tunnel, key structure and construction method for the final closure joint monolithically launched in the sea, monitoring and precision forecasting system for tunnel construction environment, and structural fire prevention and control. The paper aims to summarize the main technical achievements and provide references for the design and construction of similar river and sea-crossing tunnel projects in the future. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 203-213 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4974KB] ( 6 ) 214 Technical Challenges in the Artificial Island and Immersed Tunnel Works of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Project CHEN Yue1 SU Zongxian2 The artificial island and immersed tunnel works of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project is the controlling works of the entire bridge project, facing various difficulties such as poor geological conditions, high offshore operations risks, high construction standards, and tight schedules. It has become the longest highway immersed tunnel in the world after completion. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge was officially opened in 2018,and the main project passed the completion acceptance in 2023. This paper re-examines the difficulties and technical challenges faced during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. Adhering to the construction concept and focusing on scientific and technological management, the bridge builders formed several key technologies through research and practice, such as rapid artificial island formation in the sea, foundation treatment and settlement control of immersed tunnel in deep soft soils, and prefabrication of tunnel elements in factory. These achievements have strongly supported the construction of the artificial island and tunnel project, laid the foundation for subsequent large-scale river and sea-crossing artificial island and tunnel projects, and contributed Chinese wisdom to the construction of sea-crossing artificial island and tunnel projects in the world. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 214-222 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4829KB] ( 9 ) 223 Challenges and Technological Innovations in the Jiaozhou Bay Second Submarine Tunnel Project QU Liqing The Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Second Subsea Tunnel is the world's longest subsea road tunnel project, constructed using a combination of drilling + blasting and shield tunnelling methods. The total length of the tunnel is 17.5 km, with the deepest point about 115 m below sea level. The area is fraught with geological challenges, including submarine fault zones, deeply weathered troughs, and weak fractured zones, with 22 identified tectonic zones, making it the largest and longest undersea tunnel mega project in the world to date. The project faced significant engineering challenges, described as "three majors and four extremes," and undertook numerous leading-edge technological innovations in design and construction. This paper reviews the construction history and experiences of subsea tunnels and addresses the challenges and considerations in the construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Second Subsea Tunnel,aiming to provide references and insights for similar future engineering projects. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 223-231 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7817KB] ( 14 ) 232 Key Technologies for Design and Construction of the Daliangshan No.1 Tunnel LI Yuwen WEI Yanqing The geological conditions of the Daliangshan No. 1 Tunnel on the Leshan-Xichang Expressway are com? plex, and the climate conditions are harsh, making it difficult to select the road alignment due to restrictions from the nature reserves. This paper proposes a design concept to minimize the elevation of the ridge crossing section to ensure operational safety. By setting up a fulllength parallel heading, selecting a combination of tunnel boring machine (TBM) method and drilling and blasting method for construction, and optimizing the tunnel ventilation scheme, the challenges regarding construction period and disaster prevention and rescue of the ultra-long tunnel are addressed, reducing construction risks and improving disaster rescue efficiency. The overall function, the construction and operation safety of the Project are optimized. The relevant research and implementation of the Project show that the construction scheme of the main tunnel + full-length parallel heading for ultra-long tunnels is feasible and has certain reference significance for the construction of ultra-long expressway tunnels in western mountainous areas. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 232-240 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6193KB] ( 41 ) 241 Key Technological Innovation and Application in the Construction of Tianshan Shengli Tunnel LI Zongping1 WANG Shuaishuai2,4 MAO Jinbo3 LI Yalong3 NIU Xiaoyu2,4 Tianshan Shengli Tunnel on Urumqi-Yuli Expressway in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is 22.13 km long, which is the longest highway tunnel under construction in the world, and the project is facing a number of challenges such as construction of 20 km super long and deep highway tunnel under the influence of high cold, high altitude and other complex and harsh environments. As the first three-tube tunnel using TBM-assisted construction in the domestic highway industry, this paper systematically introduces innovative key construction technologies in terms of the construction organization, material transportation, construction ventilation, TBM construction, shaft operation, etc. and innovatively proposes new technologies, techniques and equipment including the threetube tunnel construction organization for "long tunnel construction by multi working faces", TBM trackless material transport, TBM pressurized pumping concrete process, suspended continuous belt conveyor on the roof, multi-working face construction ventilation, deep pre-grouting on the ground surface of the deep shaft, short excavation with short lining operation and others, which will provide a systematic reference for the future construction of ultra-long tunnels,and is of great significance for upgrading the construction level of the ultra-long tunnels. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 241-253 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 9513KB] ( 13 ) 254 Key Technologies for Design and Construction of Horseshoe-Shaped Shield Used in Baicheng Tunnel on Menghua Railway SHEN Zhijun1,2 YAO Zhiwen1 ZHENG Yuchao1 QIU Wenge1 AI Xufeng1 The Baicheng Tunnel on the Menghua Railway, as the world's first large-section mountain loess tunnel constructed with a horseshoe-shaped earth pressure balance shield machine, faces key engineering challenges in launching and receiving, excavation, posture control, and muck removal, etc. In view of this, specific solutions are proposed: (1) For the launching section, the C40 opencut structure is used instead of the conventional shield launching reaction frame used in subways to provide reaction force, the large pipe shed is used for end reinforcement instead of conventional end reinforcement, and steel arch casing and sealing is used instead of end wall and curtain rubber sealing to shorten the launching time and save masonry works. (2) For the receiving section, a splayed retaining wall is constructed at the portal to replace the conventional enclosure structure and reinforcement works in subway engineering, and a steel ring is set up and sealed at the portal to ensure the safe receiving of the shield. (3) The combined rotary cutter head + the high-pressure water jet device for blind area treatment + shield cutters solve the excavation problem in the old loess stratum. (4) The cutter head overturn correction combined with the mortar pumping and counterweight block can solve the problem of posture control. (5) The muck conditioning technology using foam and water with 3% original solution concentration and 15% injection rate as the main improvement medium and the uninterrupted muck removal technology with optimized continuous belt conveyor improve the muck removal problem. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 254-262 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5551KB] ( 14 ) 263 Research and Application of Full-Face Pipe Jacking Method in Saturated Soft Soil Layers for the Jing′an Temple Station Subway Project ZHU Yanfei1 GUO Yan1 WANG Jinyi1 MA Jianfeng2 PAN Weiqiang1 The Jing′an Temple Station of Shanghai Metro Line 14 is a project where the main structure of the sub? way station is constructed using the large-section rectangular pipe jacking method. To address the conflicts between underground construction, geological environment, and surrounding buildings in the main structure works of Jing′an Temple Station, this paper proposes a method suitable for the construction of subway stations in saturated soft soil layers in central urban areas using full-face pipe jacking method. Innovatively, the method introduces deep overburden tunnel portal water-stop technology, deep-buried pipe segment selfcompensating anti-retreat technology, soil improvement pipe segment friction reduction-slurry solidification technology, steelconcrete composite pipe jacking segment structure, composite segment steel shell assembly and hoisting technology, and composite segment inner lining casting technology. These innovations overcome engineering challenges such as deep overburden close-spacing pipe jacking advancement and construction of ultra-large section pipe jacking segments in subway station construction, achieving good implementation results and providing references for subway construction in similar strata. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 263-271 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7117KB] ( 6 ) 272 Key Technologies and Innovations in the Construction and Operation of the Que′ershan Tunnel ZHENG Jinlong1 YANG Feng1 WEI Yanqing1 WU Jian2 ZHENG Bo2 The Que'ershan Tunnel on G317 is the highest-altitude ultra-long highway tunnel in the world. Faced with harsh climatic conditions of severe cold and hypoxia, the construction team pioneered the design concept of "meteorological routing" for highaltitude tunnels, established tunnel ventilation calculation standards for altitudes of 5,000 m, innovatively proposed comprehensive anti-freezing technology for high-altitude tunnel structures, and defined oxygen supply standards for high-altitude tunnel construction based on altitude and labor intensity, ensuring that the tunnel was completed and opened to traffic ahead of schedule in 2017. After the tunnel was put into operation, the research team conducted continuous testing and improvements, optimized the asymmetric stepped tunnel insulation defense method, established a tunnel lining structure with high durability for high-altitude seasonally frozen soil areas, and defined the altitude grading standards and comprehensive defense principles for highway tunnels. The key technologies for the construction and operation of the Que'ershan Tunnel provide important technical support for the construction and operation of high-altitude highway tunnels in China. 2024 Vol. 61 (2): 272-279 [Abstract] ( 0 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5164KB] ( 10 )

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