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Quick Search     Advanced Search MODERN TUNNELLING TECHNOLOGY   2016 Vol.53 Issue.3 Published 2016-06-25 Article 1 On a New Auxiliary Method of Shield Construction with Paste HDN ZHONG Changping1，3 ZHU Weibin2 QIU Xiaopei4 LI Shijia1 CHEN He2 HUANG Weiran1 ZHOU Cuiying3 Aiming at the deficiencies exist in the traditional working face supporting method with filter cake, this paper introduced a new material for the auxiliary construction of shield, i.e. the Paste HDN and its engineering characteristics, proposed a new working face supporting method with this material during hyperbaric intervention, and analyzed relevant cases under the complex conditions like water-rich sand stratum, fractured rock stratum, cobble stratum, soft upper and hard lower mixed stratum, etc. The results show that this new method simplifies the preparation procedure of filter cake, produces a filter cake with sound durability and sealing, ensuring the intervention safety in shield chamber and improving the construction efficiency. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 1-7 [Abstract] ( 2515 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3797KB] ( 2825 ) 8 Research and Application of a Digital Experimental Platform for Shield Tunnelling CHEN Kui1，2 QU Chuanyong1 FENG Huanhuan2 In light of the inadequate application of digital experimental techniques in China′s shield design and construction management, and in order to develop a digital experimental platform for shield tunnelling, a system analysis was carried out for the five key techniques involved (i.e., geomechanics parametric modeling, parametric modeling and analysis of cutters and the cutterhead, total load analysis for shield tunnelling, analysis of interface support force and rock-soil deformation and physical digital simulation of the cutterhead driving process) based on the key and challenging points as well as the research status regarding digital experimental techniques. This paper also verifies the scientificity and rationality of this model by comparing the calculated and measured results based on one project case and provides a reference for the design, manufacture and construction of shield machines. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 8-18 [Abstract] ( 1329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4124KB] ( 2076 ) 19 The Identification and Classification of Freezing-Thawing and Frozen Environments for the Surrounding Rocks of Tunnels in Cold Regions YUAN Yulin1 LAI Yuanming2 Aiming at the problems of classification and differences between freezing-thawing and frozen environments for the surrounding rock of tunnels in cold regions, this paper presents three control elements for the freezing phenomena of surrounding rocks (i.e., the freezing index, rock fissure water and rock freezing-thawing sensitivity). In light of different values of the freezing index and rock sensitivity to freezing-thawing, the surrounding rocks for tunnels in cold regions are divided into two categories: freezing-thawing surrounding rock and permafrost surrounding rock, which can be further divided into four subclasses according to freezing-thawing sensitivity, providing identification criterion for the freezing-thawing and frozen environments for surrounding rocks in cold regions. Based on this criterion, an analysis of the rock characteristics and the cause of rock problems was conducted regarding different tunnel surrounding rocks in cold regions, and precautionary measures and key research directions are put forward. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 19-25 [Abstract] ( 1509 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1407KB] ( 2405 ) 26 Development and Application of an Integrated Scale Model System of Tunnel Lighting Based on Reaction Time PAN Guobing1 ,2 LIANG Bo1 ,2 PI Yuhang3 XIAO Yao2 CUI Lulu1 ,2 HE Shiyong2 Reaction time is an important index for the evaluation of safety regarding tunnel lighting. The existing tunnel lighting design method can be optimized by measuring reaction time for different lighting conditions. Focusing on reaction time research, a scale model was developed for an innovative integrated system of tunnel lighting that can simulate real driving visuals and the luminous environment inside a tunnel based on eye tracking technology. The system was used to test reaction times for different luminosities, uniformities and lamp elevation angles, and the results show that: 1) the influences of tunnel road luminance on reaction time are consist with the Weber-Fechner law, and the testers have shorter reaction times when the contrast is 0.6; 2) compared with the recognition time, the detection time is more sensitive to road luminance uniformity, so the higher the road luminance uniformity the more unfavorable the reaction time; 3) a high lamp elevation angle induces glare and prolongs the reaction time. The innovative development of this integrated tunnel lighting scale model system provides effective experimental conditions for the research of the influences of tunnel lighting parameters on a driver′s reaction time, and is therefore valuable and applicable to domestic tunnel lighting projects. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 26-32 [Abstract] ( 1305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3028KB] ( 2103 ) 33 On the Rock Classification Method for Metro Engineering CONG Yu1, 2, 3 GUO Hui4 ZHENG Yingren3 FENG Xiating2 ABI Erdi2, 3 WANG Zaiquan1 Based on the Standard for Engineering Classification of Rock Mass, a rock mass classification method considering the engineering span effect is put forward in this paper by combining diagram-based quantized contrast with metro engineering features. The method includes adjusting the existing qualitative feature classification of surrounding rock, improving BQ indexes so that the qualitative classification is consistent with the quantitative classification, giving the sub-classification and corresponding BQ indexes for the surrounding rock of running tunnels and station tunnels based on the rock mass quality and engineering span classification and quantifying rock mass self-stability. Based on research on the physical and mechanical parameters and classification of surrounding rock for Chongqing Metro Lines 1 and 6, it is determined that on the premise of construction safety, one third of sandy surrounding rock of grade Ⅳ can be classified as that of grade Ⅲby the above classification method regarding the running tunnel, and the percentage is 80% for the station tunnel. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 33-41 [Abstract] ( 1365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2308KB] ( 1541 ) 42 On the Geological Adaptability of the Double-Shield TBM for the Qingdao Metro Tunnel Using the Qingdao Metro Line 2 as an example, this paper researches the geological factors affecting double-shield TBM tunnelling efficiency and its relevant geological adaptability for metro tunnels. The results show that the double-shield TBM is suitable for the tunnelling of the Qingdao Metro considering the compressive strength, intactness and abrasive resistance of the surrounding rock. Some suggestions are given for double-shield TBM tunnelling in soft rock. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 42-46 [Abstract] ( 1366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1935KB] ( 2370 ) 47 Structural Division and Validity Evaluation for the Electro-Mechanical Systems of Highway Tunnels JIN Yinli1, 2 WANG Lin1 LI Yang1 JIANG Decheng1 Considering the validity evaluation of tunnel electro-mechanical systems, this paper studies the functions of the electro-mechanical system of a highway tunnel and the relationship among its devices. Based on a structural division of this system and the consideration of various influential factors, a model for the validity evaluation of the device, subsystem and integrated system was established through hierarchical data processing under the decision tree method and weight determination of each level evaluation factor under the expert method. A systematic evaluation method is proposed considering the interaction between the system′s hardware device and its software function as well the system′s objective state and actual efficiency, which has been verified by practices. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 47-53 [Abstract] ( 1213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4747KB] ( 2252 ) 54 Rock Creep Simulation Based on the Drucker-Prager Criterion SHEN Caihua1, 2 ZHANG Bing1 HU Kangming1 WANG Yuan1 The stress states at different parts of surrounding rocks and the working face differ during tunnel construction. In conventional simulation, one Drucker-Prager (D-P) model and set of test parameters, which will only match with one stress state, are often used to predict the strain states of the whole model, which is impractical and may cause errors. Based on the ABAQUS′s creep model, in which the D-P yield criterion is coupled with the time hardening rate, this paper analyzes the prediction errors induced by several different series of D-P yield criteria and hardening parameters. The results show that: 1) apart from the yield criterion, the error is also greatly related to the ratio of the plastic factor (hardening parameter) [λ] under different stress state types, which means that the change rate of error is proportional to the value of[λ]; 2) if[λ≠1], there will be an error balance point P with the error of 0; 3) the absolute errors on the left side of point P decrease with an increase of the stress, while the opposite is true on the right side; 4) with a linear hardening model, a correction formula for the creep error can be established under different stress states. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 54-62 [Abstract] ( 1618 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3566KB] ( 2251 ) 63 Rheological Deformation of Surrounding Rock of Circular Tunnel Based on the Hoek-Brown Criterion WEN Sen1,2 LIU Yuhui2 YANG Shengqi1 HE Ziqi2 In many cases, the nonlinear Hoek-Brown empirical criterion would be appropriate for engineering practice, however, there has been little research on analytical solutions for tunnel deformation by the nonlinear Hoek-Brown empirical criterion that considers the rheological behavior of the rock. Therefore, based on previous studies, the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion was used to research surrounding rock deformation under the rheological effect of an ideal elastic-brittle-plastic rock. First, in order to simplify the deduction process, an analytical solution for the rheological deformation of the surrouding rock was determined by the generalized Hoek-Brown criterion based on the assumption that the volume of the surrounding rock remains constant. Secondly, according to engineering practice, volume changes were taken into account while deducing the analytical solution for the rheological deformation of the surrouding rock by the nonassociated flow rule. Finally, the Bingham and visco-elastoplastic models were used, respectively, as the rheological models to calculate the two deductions, and it was concluded that the larger the dilatancy angle, the higher the h values as well as the rheological deformation of the surronding rock. Provided volume changes are not considered, and the calculated rheological deformation is smaller than that in practical cases. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 63-67 [Abstract] ( 1513 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1263KB] ( 2199 ) 68 Discussion of Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis for Long-Term Bearing Capacity of Rock Tunnel Linings YIN Rongrong In order to examine the long-term bearing capacity of rock tunnel linings, a reliability analysis model for the bearing capacity of a tunnel lining over its lifecycle was established with consideration of time-dependent resistances by taking the initial time and present time as the start times, respectively. On this basis, using a subsea highway rock tunnel located in grade Ⅲ (classification Ⅳ) surrounding rocks under the sea as an example, the long-term bearing capacity reliability of a tunnel lining under different lifetimes was assessed. The results show that: 1) the long-term bearing capacity reliability index of the calculated section of the tunnel lining decreases with an increase of operation time; 2) the long-term bearing capacity reliability index at the haunch of the calculated section is the highest and it is the lowest at the maximum bending moment point, which is to say that the lining at the maximum bending moment point is the least safe; 3) within an operation time of 60 years, the effective probability of the tunnel lining at the maximum bending moment point is more than 99%, and it is between 95% and 99% for the time period after 60 years to the tunnel design life limit (100 years), with the effective probabilities of the tunnel lining at the crown, haunch, and maximum bending moment point being more than 99% during the tunnel′s design lifetime. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 68-73 [Abstract] ( 1211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1782KB] ( 2264 ) 74 Vault Settlement Prediction for a Metro Cross Passage Based on Time Series ANG Tianzuo1 WANG Changming1 YAO Aijun2 WU Qian1 ZHANG Haiming2 WANG Zhaohui2 For a station on Changchun Metro Line 1, it is necessary to monitor the deformation of a cross passage during construction by the CRD method. Considering that the erection of air ducts may impede settlement monitoring, prediction of the vault settlement for a typical section becomes even more important. Therefore, an ARMA model based on time series was set up based on data preprocessing for the ingate vault settlement and the truncated characteristics of its autocorrelation function and partial autocorrelation function. Values of relevant parameters were primarily determined based on the recursion formula of the autocovariance function and the spectral density function of the MA model, and further optimization was carried out for these parameters utilizing a Newton iterative algorithm. A model was established based on the settlements of the first 100 days after cross passage excavation and was used for predicting the settlements of the next 10 days. Finally, a comparison was carried out between the results from a regression prediction and the ones from field monitoring in order to verify the feasibility of this model. The results show that the errors of the first five days' prediction results are smaller than that of the regression prediction, and they tend to be consistent with each other with the passing of time, proving the advantages of time series for short-term prediction. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 74-81 [Abstract] ( 1406 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1852KB] ( 1975 ) 82 A Study on the Spatial-Temporal Evolution Regularity of the Deformation of a Foundation Pit in Soft Soil LIN Zhibin1 LI Yuanhai2 LIU Jiqiang3 The geotechnical hazards caused by the excavation of foundation pits in soft soil are becoming increasingly prominent. In order to obtain the spatial-temporal evolution regularity of foundation pit deformation caused by excavation in soft soil, a 3D numerical model that takes into account the influence of silt layer creep properties and the concrete brace strength changes over time was built using FLAC3D for the Qianhaiwan Station foundation pit of Shenzhen Metro Line 11. Through modelling simulations, this paper studies and analyzes the spatial-temporal evolution regularity of the support structure deformation of a foundation pit, as well as the surface settlement and internal force of the support as it changes with excavation. The results show that: 1) the maximum displacement position of the foundation pit pile will move downward with excavation, and the pile displacement pattern will change from a "forward-shaped" one to a "bow-shaped" one; 2) the maximum pile displacement approximately exhibits a tendency of exponential decay with the passing of excavation time; 3) surface subsidences on both sides of the foundation pit present a "groove-shaped" form along the transversal direction with maximum settlement occuring 6.5 m away from the margin of the foundation pit, and this settlement value has a linear relationship with the excavation time. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 82-90 [Abstract] ( 1281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5785KB] ( 2375 ) 91 On Segment Floating and Relevant Mechanical Behaviors during Large-Diameter Shield Tunnelling LIANG Yu1 YANG Junsheng1 LIN Hui2 In light of the causes of segment uplift during large-diameter shield tunnelling, this paper introduces the typical segment uplift of the river-crossing highway tunnel of Nanhu Road in Changsha City. The final segment floating value was calculated based on the relevant mechanical analysis and elastic mechanics theory and considers the compression effect on the overlaying grout/soil mass induced by the segment floating. The influences of calculation parameters such as geological conditions, grout quality, bolt shear force and residual force of the jack on the final uplift were obtained through a sensitivity analysis. The rationality of the proposed uplift formula was verified based on the project case and the buoyance applied on the segment section was given by an inverse method; corresponding anti-uplift measures were proposed based on the research results and engineering practice. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 91-97 [Abstract] ( 1347 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2793KB] ( 2319 ) 98 Research on the Relationship between Tunnel Segment Leakage and Large Slurry Shield Construction Parameters HU Min1,2 ZHOU Shengchen1,2 JIANG Huaqin2,3 Focusing on the risk control of segment leakage in large-diameter shield tunnelling, and taking the shield construction parameters as the object of study, this paper uses the multi-evaluation strategy based fusion method to extract the key features of leakage, as well as the association rule based data mining method to analyze the key feature combinations and predict segment leakage. The segment leakage rules and mechanism is obtained and a construction parameter optimization method regarding leakage control is presented. In practice, based on the measured data of large-diameter slurry shield tunnelling in soft soil in Shanghai, the segment leakage is predicted and the construction parameters are optimized, which proves that the proposed optimization method can effectively reduce the incidence of leakage events and improve construction quality. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 98-104 [Abstract] ( 1320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2031KB] ( 2339 ) 105 Study on Monitoring Methods for Convergence Deformation of Metro Tunnels HE Guizhen1 YANG Jun2 In order to examine the deformation during metro tunnel construction and operation, the terrestrial laser scanning technique (TLS) was used for rapid collection of point cloud data. After such processing as denoising and rectification of the collected scattered point cloud data, sections were obtained by applying the slicing technique. Based on this, the center coordinate and radius of one circle was calculated by the least square method and the convergence conditions were determined by comparing the calculated values with the design values. In order to monitor the deformation of the same segment over different periods, two groups of data were collected to establish the variation curve to analyze the deformation changes. The test results show that, compared with the traditional method for convergence monitoring, this method is feasible and accurate since it greatly improves the working efficiency, reduces the working intensities and shortens the monitoring cycle. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 105-110 [Abstract] ( 1520 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2495KB] ( 2425 ) 111 FEM-Based Reliability Design for Metro Stations YUAN Liufeng1, 2 QI Taiyue1, 2 HU Shen1, 2 ZHAO Yudong1, 2 Considering that the safety factor method used for traditional structural tunnel design cannot indicate the variability of a structure due to the complex underground environment, and using a U-shaped bored metro station as an example, this paper verifies the scientific validity of the reliability design method based on an ANSYS model and a response surface method. Specifically, it obtains the distribution of the reliability indexes of the lining section by establishing a limit equation with the lining deformation and compares the two design methods by using the sections with the lowest and most suddenly-changed reliability indexes as control sections. The results show that the two methods are consistent, with the reliability design being more intuitive and scientific compared to the safety factor method during design and evaluation of the engineering structure, and therefore it may become the main method in future tunnel structural design. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 111-117 [Abstract] ( 1254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2580KB] ( 2166 ) 118 Safety Risk Assessment for Adjacent Underground Pipelines in Metro Construction GAO Bingli REN Jianxi Considering that metro construction may cause damage to adjacent underground pipelines and using the construction of Xi′an Metro Line 3 as an example, this paper determines the main modes of pipeline damage through a field investigation. The main influential factors for pipeline deformation (e.g., engineering geology, hydrogeology, distance between the tunnel and pipeline, tunnel construction and pipeline characteristics) and the secondary factors (e.g., horizontal/vertical distance between two pipelines, construction method, pipeline size, pressure in the pipeline, burial depth of the pipeline, pipeline joint type, angle between the pipeline and tunnel) are determined based on expert investigation. The risk grades of different pipelines and the corresponding protection measures are determined by adopting a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and a relevant risk assessment system is established for pipeline safety. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 118-123 [Abstract] ( 1386 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1085KB] ( 2260 ) 124 Theoretical Analysis of the Cutter Wear of a Slurry Shield Driving in Full-Face Sandy Strata ZHAO Jun This paper gives a detailed analysis of the mechanical properties of a soil mass cut by a cutterhead in the process of shield driving and a method for calculating the cutter wear of a slurry shield that is deeply buried in sandy strata. The loading features of a single cutter are obtained by the solution of a soil shear failure equilibrium equation, and then the theoretical torque of the whole cutterhead is given by way of summation. The concept of a cutterhead wear coefficient is proposed based on the comparison of the theoretical torque and the measured torque. Application to a specific case indicates that the shield can keep driving if the cutter wear coefficient is around 0.8, while the torque tends to decline rapidly if the coefficient is lower than 0.75, and the cutting tools must be changed if the coefficient is lower than 0.5. After changing the cutting tools in the above mentioned project, the calculated theoretical torque is approximate to the measured torque, which further validates the reliability of the research method presented in this paper. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 124-130 [Abstract] ( 1278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2669KB] ( 2088 ) 131 Nondestructive Testing for the Density of an Immersed Tunnel Foundation by the Sand-Flow Method CHEN Run Local non-compactness may occur in the sand foundation of an immersed tunnel after sand filling due to different trench depths, sand filling pressures and water-sand ratios, which may cause uneven loading on the sand foundation, tunnel element cracking, or a great impact on the force bearing of the structure and joint waterproofing. Using the immersed tunnel of the south extension line on Fenjiang Road as an example, this paper establishes a relevant full-scale model, proposes a detection scheme for the density of a sand foundation through a contrast test (i.e., adopting the surface wave method and elastic wave imaging method), gives the evaluation factor of density (R) based on an analysis of mass detection data, and builds a relationship between the evaluation factor and the sand foundation density. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 131-136 [Abstract] ( 1173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3764KB] ( 1929 ) 137 Microseism Positioning Based on an SA-PSO Hybrid Algorithm ZHANG Yuansheng1, 2 GAO Yongtao1, 2 WANG Zhe3 CHAI Jinfei1, 2 LI Jian1, 2 Based on the search capabilities and features of Simulated Annealing (SA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and combining the ability to escape from the local optimization solution of the SA method and the global optimization ability of the PSO method, an SA-PSO hybrid algorithm with a stronger search capability is put forward in this paper and applied to microseism positioning. The research results show that: 1) the positioning error of the SA-PSO hybrid algorithm is smaller than that of the SA/PSO algorithm; 2) whether the wave velocity is given or not, the spatial positioning errors of the seismic source are all within 1m on the non-symmetric plane of the detector arrays under this algorithm; 3) apart from the point M6, which is far away from the seimic source, the positioning errors of the points are all within 50 m when the wave velocity fluctuates randomly within ±1%, ±3% and ± 5%. Using the Dongguashan copper mine with a micro-seismic monitoring system as an example, this algorithm was verified by giving a positioning accuracy of about 30 m. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 137-145 [Abstract] ( 1302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2263KB] ( 2108 ) 146 Analytical Investigation of Gas Burst Disasters during Tunnelling in Non-Coal Measure Strata CHEN Qixue1 HE Cheng2 QUAN Xiaoliang2 As one of the geological disasters in tunnel construction, gas bursts in non-coal measure strata are characterized by randomness and uneven distribution when compared to those that occur in coal strata, making these kinds of gas tunnels more dangerous. Based on the practical case of the Zhegushan tunnel, this paper describes the causes and bursting mechanism of the gas in non-coal strata tunnels in detail based on the analysis of geological conditions, gas level determinations and pressure testing, and gives a prediction criterion for the risk of gas bursts, which can play a guiding role for the research, design and construction of tunnels in non-coal measure strata. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 146-150 [Abstract] ( 1365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1971KB] ( 2285 ) 151 Application of Comprehensive Geological Prediction Technology to Observational Design for the Duliang Tunnel ZHOU Mingkai XI Jinzhou Because of the complex geological conditions and high construction risk present in the Duliang tunnel project, comprehensive geological prediction technology (i.e., basic geological method+medium-and-long distance and short distance detection techniques combined with the geophysical prospecting method+the advanced horizontal drill probing method) has been adopted to prevent the occurrence of geological disasters and ensure safety during the construction period. This comprehensive prediction for high risk sections accurately determines the nature and distribution status of unfavorable geologic bodies, provides a reliable basis for deciding upon a tunnel construction scheme and adjusting design parameters, and guarantees construction safety. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 151-156 [Abstract] ( 1215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2971KB] ( 2286 ) 157 Scheme Optimization and Monitoring Analysis for the Exit Portal Section of an Urban Double-Arch Tunnel under a Retaining Wall CHEN Zhiqiang Considering that safe construction of the tunnel exit portal section is of great importance to the successful breakthrough of a unidirectional driven tunnel, and using the exit portal section of the Jinbang double-arch tunnel in Xiamen, which passes under a retaining wall, as an example, scheme optimization is conducted based on the geological and environmental conditions at the tunnel exit portal, and the deformation of the surrounding rock and retaining wall during construction are analyzed based on the measured data. The results show that: 1) after an optimized construction scheme (i.e., a 10-meter bored section on the side close to the mountain + a 27-meter bored section with roofing) was adopted instead of the original 37-meter open-cut construction scheme, the retaining wall and adjacent mountains were reserved, the impacts of construction noise and dust on the nearby residents were reduced, the construction period was shortened, and construction safety and environmental protection were ensured; 2) in addition to pollution reduction, the roofing of the 27-meter bored section also served as an extrados formwork of the secondary lining; 3) subjected to the convex retaining wall and adjacent mountains, the left tube has both the maximum convergence around the tunnel and the maximum vault settlement, and the convergence at the 27-meter bored section is relatively smaller with a value keeping within 15mm, which is attributed to the construction of two rows of ?159 steel pipe grouting piles on both sides; 4) the retaining wall and adjacent protected mountains would move in the direction of the free face without any external-force constraint, and this direction is the one in which construction disturbances occur. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 157-163 [Abstract] ( 1332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2905KB] ( 2092 ) 164 Application of the Micro-Disturbance Technique for Shield Tunnelling under the Main Runway of an Airport CHEN Sheng MA Zhongzheng Design, construction and monitoring should be taken into consideration during shield tunnelling in order to ensure micro disturbance to the surrounding environment. Under the main runway of an airport, shield tunnelling in soft clay was successfully completed with micro disturbance to the environment due to the help of the numerical analysis of long- and short-term settlements induced by the shield construction and the proposed construction parameters from a test section, a new synchronous grouting slurry with great specific gravity, and real-time automatic scan monitoring with no prism. The results show that the proposed parameters satisfy the requirements of micro disturbance and the runway settlement was under control one year later after adopting the new synchronous grouting slurry. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 164-169 [Abstract] ( 1213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2411KB] ( 1880 ) 170 Study of the Construction Techniques for a Four-Arch Tunnel with a Super-Large Section WANG Lijun Construction of a multiple-arch tunnel can cause safety problems because it features a large span and multi-step excavation, which can cause repeated disturbance of the soil mass and result in obvious surface settlements. Based on one section of the four-arch tunnel from Harbin South Station to Hada Station of Harbin Metro Line 1, a construction method combining double-side-drift with a middle pilot heading for a large-section four-arch tunnel is studied with a focus on elements such as the principles, characteristics，construction steps and key techniques. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 170-176 [Abstract] ( 1445 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3381KB] ( 2384 ) 177 Control Technique for Building Settlement during the Construction of Shallow-Buried Tunnels in Sandy Cobble Strata LI Limin1 ZHAO Wenhu2 ZHOU Ji1 LIU Weidong1 Building settlement control, especially non-uniform settlement control, is the key difficulty during shallow-buried tunnel construction. Aiming at the poor self-stability of sandy cobble stratum and its susceptibility to partial collapse, this paper presents the settlement control standard and a reasonable ground consolidation plan and excavation method for the construction of a shallow-buried tunnel in sandy cobble stratum that passes under buildings based on construction of a test section. The monitoring results show that the building settlement is effectively controlled and safety is guaranteed thanks to the settlement control mentioned above. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 177-182 [Abstract] ( 1232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3811KB] ( 2040 ) 183 Ground Grouting Reinforcement Techniques and Application in a Beijing Metro Project WANG Yan XUE Wei FU Chunqing XUE Jianling WANG Hewang LIU Junwei The Liaogongzhuang station, which is on the west extension line of Beijing Metro Line 6, has a large area of miscellaneous fill composed of construction waste and household and industrial garbage. Because of the great variation in filling soil properties and the general state of the soil being unconsolidated, collapse is likely during the excavation process. Based on in-situ grouting experiments, it was decided to adopt the deep hole grouting method from the ground surface to reinforce the miscellaneous fill layer. Proven by construction practice, the ground grouting technique has the advantages of a short construction period, good reinforcement and visible grout on the working face, thereby ensuring that the excavation process is stable and fast. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 183-188 [Abstract] ( 1242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5552KB] ( 1982 ) 189 Deformation Control by Anchoring Pile for a Tunnel Passing through a Debris Flow Fan WAN Yongchang The deformation mechanism and characteristics of the support structure of the D2K253+935~D1K255+040 section of the Hongqiaoguan tunnel on the Chengdu-Lanzhou railway, which passes through a debris flow fan, are discussed in this paper. Additionally, the control techniques and measures for the problems of deformation encountered during construction of the tunnel are presented. The practice results show that adopting an anchoring pile may enhance the longitudinal stiffness and bearing capacity of the primary support and control its settlement and deformation, thereby guaranteeing construction safety and improving driving efficiency. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 189-194 [Abstract] ( 1356 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4325KB] ( 2455 ) 195 Construction Techniques for and Cost Analysis of Secant Piles for the Pre-Reinforcement of Tunnels in Sand Strata ZHANG Yintao Considering that the Shangbai tunnel on the Datong-Xi′an passenger dedicated railway line, 1 717 m in total length, is at risk of sand gushing caused by construction in the dry, fine siltstone strata of different thicknesses, the construction technique of using a secant pile for tunnel pre-reinforcement is proposed based on research performed on the physical and mechanical properties of this strata. A relevant scheme comparison and some relevant issues, such as the construction technology process and construction difficulties regarding the secant pile for pre-reinforcement, are discussed in light of the absence of a clear professional quota standard for this technique, especially regarding the unit price of its construction cost. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 195-201 [Abstract] ( 1320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2122KB] ( 2257 ) 202 Prevention and Treatment of Invert Heaving and Lining Cracking Induced by Water Disasters in Operating Railway Tunnels DAI Hongming Considering that invert fills and track heaving or lining cracking induced by water disasters during the operation of railway tunnels, especially those with ballastless tracks, are some of the most troublesome and harmful engineering disasters, and using the railway tunnels in developed karst areas of Southwest China as an example, this paper studies the causes of these disasters and gives relevant prevention and treatment suggestions based on a typical case analysis and engineering practice. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 202-206 [Abstract] ( 1842 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1789KB] ( 3194 ) 207 Mechanism Analysis and Treatment Measures for Settlement and Cracking of the Primary Support Structure in a Red Clay Tunnel LIU Can DU Yongqiang BAO Guangzheng CHENG Zhen Large deformation and large-area cracking of the primary support structure occurred during construction of the Qinggangshan tunnel on the Chongqing-Guizhou Railway passing through a red clay stratum. In order to solve these problems, a systematic analysis is conducted on the terrain conditions and the deformation process of the primary support structure of the Qingganshan tunnel, the cause and mechanism of its settlement and cracking are explored, and a comprehensive treatment is proposed that combines radial pipe -roof grouting, primary support strengthening, roof ripping and arch replacement. Practices prove that the treatment is reasonable and effective. 2016 Vol. 53 (3): 207-211 [Abstract] ( 1355 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1882KB] ( 2438 )

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