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Quick Search     Advanced Search MODERN TUNNELLING TECHNOLOGY   2018 Vol.55 Issue.4 Published 2018-08-25 Article 1 Construction Difficulties and Key Techniques for the Gaoligong Mountain TBM Tunnel HONG Kairong1，2 FENG Huanhuan1，2 The Gaoligong mountain tunnel, characterized by its special geographic location and complicated geologi? cal conditions, is the longest railway tunnel under construction in China. The key points and difficulties that might be encountered during TBM tunnel construction are analyzed, including a high temperature of around 50℃, large deformation of the soft rock with a length of 3,185 m, an estimated maximum water inflow of 1.92 × 105 m3/d, a long seriously fractured section with 2,260 m in length, construction risk management for a tunnel of risk grade I and longdistance ventilation control. Key construction techniques are studied, such as high ground temperature prevention,controlling large deformation for soft rock, water inflow treatment and TBM construction in an unfavorable geological section of a fault fracture zone. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 1360 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2058KB] ( 2974 ) 9 Development and Application of Rock-Drilling Equipment in China ZHENG Chaobao1 ZHANG Long2 FENG Zhongxing1 LAI Hequan1 Through researching the development of rock- drilling technology, data collection and site surveys, a technical and economic analysis of hydraulic drilling equipment and pneumatic rock-drilling equipment for tunnel drilling operations was conducted. The results show that hydraulic drilling equipment has obvious advantages over pneumatic rock-drilling equipment in terms of construction efficiency, energy savings, emissions reduction, personnel management, etc., and hydraulic drilling equipment for tunnel drilling is the development trend of the future. It is recommended that a drill jumbo suitable for the technical characteristics of domestic tunnel construction should be developed considering existing equipment techniques and tunnel geological conditions. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 9-13 [Abstract] ( 937 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 625KB] ( 2308 ) 14 Domestic and International Research on the Critical Velocity of Fires in Tunnels WANG Yongdong ZHANG Ru ZHANG Yilong In order to promote the development of highway tunnel fire disaster prevention and rescue, research of the critical velocity of fire is analyzed systematically. A definition of fire critical velocity is established, research methods are described and the domestic and international research progress is reviewed. The research results are introduced concerning the effects of influential factors such as fire source heat release rate, fuel type, fire source dimensions, fire source position, and temperature of the longitudinal wind, cases with and without sprinkler systems,high altitude, identification conditions for critical wind speed and smoke extraction modes, as well as characteristics of the tunnel such as blockage ratio, longitudinal gradient, section form, and linear curvature. The issues concerning the critical velocity of fire in further research are discussed, providing a reference for academic research on tunnel fire disaster prevention and rescue. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 14-24 [Abstract] ( 949 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1419KB] ( 2827 ) 25 Traffic Accident Characteristics and Prevention Measures for the Zhongnanshan Highway Tunnel NI Na1 YANG Shaowei2 PAN Binghong2 WANG Lei3 In order to find out the regularity of the general distribution, development trends and relationship of vari? ous influencing factors of traffic accidents in super-long tunnels, and prevent from problems, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, form distribution characteristics, types of vehicles distribution characteristics and causes of traffic accident distribution characteristics of super-long tunnels were studied using statistical analysis,comparative analysis and chart analysis based on the Zhongnanshan highway tunnel in Qinling. Some preventive measures such as visual induction technology, surface treatment technology, light transition technology and guide technology for roadside width changes were put forward. The results show that the number of traffic accidents in the first quarter and the third quarter are the highest and the lowest, respectively, for the time period of 2007-2016; the number of traffic accidents in 2014 is the highest, and the number in 2012 is the lowest. The tunnel entrance and exit are the sections most prone to traffic accidents; scraping the road edge and rear end are the most common types of accidents. Driving while fatigued and faulty operation are the main causes of traffic accidents, and passenger cars and trucks are the main vehicles involved in accidents. Traffic accidents may effectively be reduced by taking the above mentioned preventive measures. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 25-32 [Abstract] ( 915 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1653KB] ( 2479 ) 33 Deformation Potential of the Guanjiao Tunnel Based on Original Geo-stress CHEN Zhimin1,2 YU Yunyan1,2 LI Guoliang3 ZHAO De′an4 Aiming at the surrounding rock deformation of the Erlangdong fault bundle at the location of the new Guanjiao tunnel under high geo-stress, a concept of surrounding rock deformation potential and its classification criterion are put forward based on the geo-stress field extension results from the original geo-stress test and the main influencing factors. The distribution of the deformation potential in the Guanjiao tunnel is obtained by sample statistics and the neural network algorithm. The results show that the ridge section, sections with high and extremely high geo-stress, large fault section and fault bundle section of the Guanjiao tunnel have a deformation potential of gradesⅠ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and only partial sections have common deformation potential, which indicates the Guanjiao tunnel has large deformation potential under the complex conditions of soft rock and extremely high geo-stress. By determining the deformation potentials of each section in the Guanjiao tunnel, most of the monitoring results are controlled within the scope of common deformation after the means of correction, optimization design and construction, and the rest of the deformations are controlled within the scope of grade I. This achievement provides an accurate and practical forecasting and controlling method to solve the problem of large deformation in similar conditions. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 33-41 [Abstract] ( 925 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1513KB] ( 1764 ) 42 Staggered Segments and Leakage in a Super-Large Diameter River-Crossing Shield Tunnel LI Yue Based on a river-crossing tunnel project, actual measurements were taken regarding the staggered seg? ment, joint and water leakage as shield construction passed the flood control wall, river bed and underground pipelines, and the relationship among all these factors was analyzed considering the tunnel axis offset and segment ovality. The results show that: the external environment changes are the main controlling factors for water leakage in the tunnel, and it is recommended that the design for waterproofing the shield tunnel should be conducted by segments based on the external environment; a positive correlation exists between the shield posture, variation of the segment ring′s ovality and the tunnel′s stagger, joint and leakage; external water leakage is mainly leakage of the circumferential joint, and water leakage at the key segment is more serious than at other segments and especially concentrated at the corner of the segment. Corresponding countermeasure are proposed. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 42-46 [Abstract] ( 901 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1724KB] ( 1840 ) 47 Forward Test of GPR Detection for Typical Adverse Geological Bodies ZHOU Liming FU Daiguang ZHANG Yang ZHOU Huamin At present, GPR has been widely used in tunnel geological forecasts as a conventional detection method. However, due to restricted spaces, the effects of construction equipment in tunnels and multiple solutions for detecting results, GPR does not easily obtain accurate predictions of adverse geologic bodies. A forward simulation of GPR profile records of adverse geological bodies was conducted by the two-dimensional time domain finite difference method, the GPR profile features of adverse geological bodies were analyzed, and a theoretical basis for the interpretation of measured GPR data was obtained. Many geological radar field tests for the three karst tunnels on the Anjiang expressway were carried out, and successful predictions of the adverse geological bodies of a karst cave containing water, a hollow karst cavity and a corrosive fracture zone were achieved based on the geological sketch documents of the work face at the construction site. The accuracy of GPR for detecting adverse geological bodies during tunneling is improved by the above mentioned method, which provides a safety guarantee for tunnel engineering. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 47-52 [Abstract] ( 870 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2695KB] ( 1805 ) 53 BIM Techniques for Construction Management of the Qinghuayuan Tunnel on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou High-Speed Railway ZHI Peng SHI Tianyun WANG Huilin WANG Wanqi Aiming at the complex situations and high risks of the construction environment of the single-tube, dou? ble-track large-diameter Tsinghuayuan Tunnel of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway, a Building Information Model (BIM) based information construction management solution for shield tunneling is proposed. The criteria for BIM application in the shield tunnel is presented, providing a basis for the BIM information application. The key BIM techniques that are adopted in the construction of shield tunnels (lightweight images, Hadoop, 3D laser scanning and automatic monitoring) are studied. Various major risk sources and hidden safety hazards in the construction of shield tunneling are solved and quality, key progress nodes and resource coordination is presented, improving the level of informatization and fine management of the involved parties and providing a reference for the study of 3D visualization digital archives for shield tunneling. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 53-58 [Abstract] ( 1113 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2285KB] ( 2227 ) 59 Design and Development of a GIS-Based Management System for Tunnel Collapse Rescue LI Chunhui LI Hongzhou WU Yong LI Ronghua Based on existing emergency rescue plans and countermeasures for tunnel collapse during construction in China, a GIS-based tunnel collapse rescue management system is proposed. The design of a functional modulus and configuration are described in detail, and the SuperMap Object platform, SQL server2012 database management system, and the Visual Basic visual environment are used in the design development. The development of this system provides a new management method, improves emergency rescue, minimizes harm and guarantees personnel safety. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 59-63 [Abstract] ( 857 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2109KB] ( 1795 ) 64 Limit State Design for a Tunnel Portal in an Earthquake Zone KUANG Liang1,2 The limit state equation for the design of a tunnel portal structure is transformed into a practical design expression using a partial factor for the sake of convenience in terms of design and inspection. No effective expression is available for use in design when it’s necessary to consider the effect of a seismic load. Based on calculations and review of many standard drawings for a tunnel portal, a principle is proposed to modify the partial coefficient based on a common design expression for tunnel portals in order to meet requirements for tunnel portal design in an earthquake zone. The results show that: 1) the target reliability index for the stability of a tunnel portal structure is determined to be the smallest, so it is the weak point of the structure; 2) the objective reliability index of the tunnel portal structure is determined by a limit state calculation and related industry specifications; 3) the partial coefficients of the load effect and structural resistance for the general tunnel portal structure are determined by many calculations from standard drawings of tunnel portal structures; and 4) when earthquake effects should be considered,the partial coefficient of earth pressure in the design expression for the general structure can be multiplied by 1.9/1.6 so that the effects of the horizontal seismic force and changes of the internal friction angle of the soil can be avoided. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 64-68 [Abstract] ( 778 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1105KB] ( 1831 ) 69 Classification Method for Tunnel Surrounding Rock Based on the EntropyCloud Model LI Ke In order to establish a tunnel surrounding rock classification method that is based on the entropy method and cloud model to address the fuzziness and randomness in surrounding rock classification, the classification system is treated as a fuzzy system and six parameters are selected as evaluation indexes. A cloud model with various evaluation indexes corresponding to various surrounding rock grades is generated using a normal cloud generator,objective weights are calculated based on the entropy weight method, a comprehensive certainty degree for the evaluated sample is obtained, and thus the grade of the surrounding rock is determined. The entropy-cloud model, which combines the fuzziness and randomness of the evaluation index and rock mass grades, transforms the evaluation index from a qualitative description to a quantitative value, overcoming the shortcomings of the fixed evaluation pattern of traditional tunnel surrounding rock classification. The surrounding rock of five sections of the Xianghe tunnel was classified by an entropy-cloud model, with the results agreeing with those of the FAHP (fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) method and other methods, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of this method. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 69-75 [Abstract] ( 812 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1869KB] ( 1585 ) 76 Initial Geo-Stress Balance Method for the Finite-Element Model Using the Stratum-Structure Method HU Changming YUAN Yili MEI Yuan QIAN Weifeng YE Zhengwu The initial geo-stress balance process is the first and also the most important process of a finite-element analysis of geotechnical engineering, and the accuracy of the calculation is one of the decisive factors in terms of reliability of the numerical analysis. Based on the FEM software ABAQUS, effects of four fundamental balance methods (auto-balance method, keywords method, ODB file method and initial stress extraction method) were analyzed in three models with different degrees of complicities. The results show that all four balance methods meet the requirements of geo-stress balance analysis for a simple model, and the auto-balance method obtains the best results compared with the other methods. However, for the stratum-structure model containing complex boundary conditions of tie constraint or friction contact, none of the four methods can effectively finish the geo-stress balance process. A geostress balance method suitable for the model with complex boundary conditions was proposed by analyzing the calculation results, and the effectiveness of this new method was verified by means of calculation cases. The research results provide valuable information for FEM analysis and related research. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 76-86 [Abstract] ( 1259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8945KB] ( 1688 ) 87 Stability of a Hollow Cavity with Complex Displacement Boundary Conditions LI Qianqian1 YIN Fan2 ZHANG Dingli3 The effects of tunnel excavation on the deformation of a hollow cavity in a clay stratum was simulated by indoor model tests. The cavity deformation is divided into four modes of radial contraction deformation, oval deformation, vertical settlement deformation, horizontal lateral displacement and various combinations. The elastic solutions for the stress field around the cavern under complex displacement conditions were obtained by the Airy stress function method, and the scope of the plastic zone around the cavity was acquired based on shear yield conditions, with the effect of deformation patterns on plastic zone scope being studied. The results show that: 1) the radial contraction of the cavity makes the plastic zone at both sides develop into a closed ring and extend to the rock mass at a depth symmetrical with an angel of 45° around the tunnel; 2) oval deformation increases the extension of the plastic zone at the top and bottom of the cavity; 3) vertical settlement causes the transfer and extension of the yield scope further toward the top and bottom of the cavity; 4) horizontal lateral displacement makes the plastic zone gradually transfer to the other side of the cavity and develop to the rock mass at depth; and 5) the key point for construction of urban tunnels with cavities is to control the stability of the cavity structure. This research provides a reference for the accurate prediction of strata deformation and ground collapse. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 87-96 [Abstract] ( 934 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2813KB] ( 1520 ) 97 Shaking Table Test for a Tunnel Structure with Different Stiffnessces in a Layer of Soil Liquefaction OUYANG Zhiyong1 CUI Jie2 LI Yadong2 YUAN Dandan2 Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted for tunnel models with different stiffnesses in a liquefac? tion soil layer, and the effect of tunnel stiffness on the surrounding liquefiable foundation soil was analyzed by comparing the pore water pressure of the soil around the tunnel and the acceleration time history and its Fourier frequency amplitude spectrum and strain of the tunnel structure. The results show that the larger the stiffness of a tunnel structure, the larger the constraint to the surrounding soil layer and the smaller the acceleration of the soil layer nearby and the greater the influence on the shape of the acceleration Fourier spectrum curve. The laws of the acceleration amplification coefficient varying with the soil layer depth are different under different relative stiffnesses of the soil-tunnel structure. The surrounding soil layer is more inclined to be liquefied when the stiffness of the tunnel is small, and the influence of tunnel stiffness on the development law of the soil layer′s pore pressure is large. The shallower the soil layer, the faster the dissipation of the pore pressure, and the smaller the tunnel stiffness, the more likely it is to yield to the movement of the surrounding soil layer. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 97-105 [Abstract] ( 872 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5172KB] ( 1701 ) 106 Mechanical Characteristics of the Segment Lining for a Large Specially Shaped Cross-Section Shield Tunnel in Clay Strata ZHANG Zixin1,2 ZHU Yeting1,2 ZHU Yanfei3 HUANG Xin1,2 The mechanical characteristics of a staggered jointed specially shaped segmental lining under the proto? type loading test with an increasing buried depth were analyzed based on the modified routine method and shellspring model. The results show that the overall deformation of the specially shaped shield lining is just like a“lying duck egg”; the existence of the circumferential joints leads to an asymmetric distribution of the internal force, and the internal force at the segment edge is larger than that in the segment center due to the shearing action of the longitudinal joints with a strengthened edge. The calculation results of the shell-spring model considering 3D space is larger than that of the plane strain-state based modified routine method that exaggerates the reinforcing action of the staggered jointed erection, which indicates the latter is safer for use as the design method for specially shaped segments. The suggested range for the transverse effective rigidity ratio is 0.72-0.87 and the moment transfer coefficient is 0.245-0.256 for the positive moment area and 0.166-0.197 for negative moment area. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 106-113 [Abstract] ( 766 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3217KB] ( 1627 ) 114 Calculation Parameters of a Shield Tunnel Structure with a Staggered Segmental Tunnel Lining ZHU Yaohong1 XIAYANG Yuyu2 DONG Zibo1 LIU Xian2 Full-scale static loading tests were conducted to ascertain the internal force of stagger-jointed segmental tunnel linings and the key parameters of the modified routine method. The key parameters include the effective bending rigidity ratio and the carry-over factor of the moment. The influence of the buried depth, lateral pressure coefficient, longitudinal force, lateral resistance on the internal force and key parameters were analyzed through different tests. The study indicates that the carry-over factor of the moment is closely related to the buried depth and the longitudinal force, and the effective bending rigidity ratio is affected by the lateral pressure coefficient, depth of the structure, longitudinal force and lateral resistance. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 114-121 [Abstract] ( 789 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2109KB] ( 1420 ) 122 3D FEM Analysis of the Positive Bending Capacity for Rectangular Shield Tunnel Segment Joints with a Connector Box MA Guomin1 DING Wenqi2,3 WEI Yuliang2,3 JIANG Hong4 JIN Yuelang2,3 A large bending moment with a small axial force brings big challenges to the structural design of largesection rectangular segment joints. As one kind of embedded part, the connector box′s design and mechanical mechanism should be studied since the force is also shared by the concrete. As for a beam-spring model, the bending resistance rotational spring stiffness presents obvious nonlinear behavior and is presently acquired mainly by fullscale mechanical tests of the segment joint. Because of the convenience of FEM simulation, a fined 3D calculation model of the rectangular shield tunnel segment′ s longitudinal joint with a connector box was established by ABAQUS based on the mechanical test data. The rationality of the joint structure design was reviewed under the positive moment, the influence of the axial force on the positive bending capacity of the segment joint was studied and the segment joint failure mode was analyzed. The results show that the bending moment-rotation curve can be simplified as a triple-line model; in a certain range, the axial force can effectively delay the plastic and destructive processes of the segment joints while it has little influence on the numerical values of the bending stiffness at different stages. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 122-131 [Abstract] ( 1017 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5323KB] ( 1876 ) 132 Load-Bearing Stages of Joint Shear Keys and Settlement Control Standards of Immersed Tunnel Elegments HU Zhinan1,2,3 FENG Huaiping1 MA Chaochao4 ZHAO Yucheng1 ZHANG Qian3 Shear keys are the main load-bearing components for resisting expansion and rotation of elegment joints and are a structural guarantee of joint waterproofing when differential settlements of foundations occur because of load or soil layer factors. Therefore, differential settlements were taken as the variable loads in 1∶4.69 large-scale model tests and 3D FEM numerical simulations to study the load-bearing laws of shear keys on elegment joints affected by differential settlements. The test results show that the load-bearing processes of shear keys can be divided into three stages under the effects of longitudinal and transverse differential settlements. In the first stage, gaps and rubber pads between the shear keys and their grooves start to be compressed, and the stress growth rate is relatively small. In the second stage, shear keys undertake loads effectively and the stress growth rate is much larger, comparatively, while the elegment joints help the shear keys undertake loads through local compression or friction when differential settlements reach a certain extent. In the third stage, shear keys are inclined to yielding, and though shear keys can still bear more loads, micro-cracks occur. Based on the shearing forces of shear keys in the limited state of normal use, the longitudinal and transverse allowable differential settlements of elegments are determined as 11.5 mm and 11.1 mm, respectively. It is recommended that several prestressed cables on the roof and floor of the elements remain after immersion in order to improve the structural safety of the shear keys. 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 132-138 [Abstract] ( 806 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2087KB] ( 1902 ) 139 WEI Gang1 XING Jianjian2 SU Qinwei3 LU Shijie2 Influence of Temporary Cushion Block Support on the Structural Stress of Immersed Tunnels 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 139-145 [Abstract] ( 863 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2642KB] ( 1698 ) 146 Characterization and Influence Factors of the Time-Dependent Behaviors of Soft Surrounding Rock WANG Zhichao1, 2 ZHOU Li1 ZHANG Xuebing1 SHEN Mingyan3 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 146-154 [Abstract] ( 772 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4016KB] ( 1581 ) 155 Mechanical and Deformation Properties of a Deep Foundation Pit in Yangzhou Swelling Soil Stratum WANG Yongjun1 SUN Lianyong1 HUANG Yongliang1 LIU Tao2, 3 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 155-162 [Abstract] ( 788 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4257KB] ( 1632 ) 163 Explosive Dosage Calculation Based on Blasting Vibration Velocity and Control Value XIA Caichu1,2 LIU Zhifang1 SHAN Guangyan3 SHEN Shiwei1 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 163-170 [Abstract] ( 832 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3150KB] ( 1590 ) 171 Fissure Water Inflow of a Metro Tunnel in a Water-Rich Poorly Consolidated Stratum PAN Gelin WANG Weiming HE Guangliang DU Dechi LV Xianzhou WEI Xunhe 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 171-177 [Abstract] ( 766 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1637KB] ( 1850 ) 178 Fast Entrance Excavation Method and Stability Control Techniques for a Shallow Tunnel with Uneven Rock Pressure and a Weak Rock Mass WANG Daoyuan1,2 YUAN Jinxiu1 WAGN Jiping1 CHENG Yuan3 WANG Kai4 XIA Yong4 WANG Haijiao4 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 178-185 [Abstract] ( 841 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3197KB] ( 1849 ) 186 Optimized CRD Construction Techniques for a Super-Shallow Bored Tunnel ZHOU Baosheng 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 186-190 [Abstract] ( 800 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1941KB] ( 1793 ) 191 Construction Technology for a Super-Shallow Shield Tunnel underneath the Macao Water Supply Pipe XU Wusi 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 191-196 [Abstract] ( 797 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2032KB] ( 1283 ) 197 Application of a Steel Reception Sleeve for Shield Arriving in the Water-Rich Sandy Stratum of the Suzhou Subway HU Haorui1 ZHAO Lifeng2 SUN Guangchen3,4 Yang Junsheng3 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 197-203 [Abstract] ( 892 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4732KB] ( 1995 ) 204 Water-Captation and Heating Equipment for Treating Frost Damage Caused by Local Water Leakage in Cold-Region Tunnels WANG Yaqiong1 YANG Ming2 WANG Zhifeng1 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 204-209 [Abstract] ( 831 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1931KB] ( 2054 ) 210 Interfacial Bonding Properties of Polymer-Modified Repair Material in Humid Underground Circumstances ZHANG Jun1 ZHOU Libo2 GAO Peiwei3 XU Shaoyun3 ZHANG Lifang3 LU Xiaolin3 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 210-215 [Abstract] ( 749 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2314KB] ( 1521 ) 216 Leakage Fault Treatment for the Main Bearing Sealing System of a Shield Machine ZHANG Huaguang 2018 Vol. 55 (4): 216-220 [Abstract] ( 817 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2012KB] ( 2147 )

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